This article explains how to install a Chromium development build which includes a patch that enables VA-API on Linux, bringing support for GPU accelerated video decoding, which should significantly decrease the CPU usage when watching HD videos online. The instructions cover only Intel and Nvidia graphics cards, as I don't have an ATI/AMD graphics card to try this, nor do I have experience with such graphics cards.
You may think this is actually quite easy, simply enable the 'override the software rendering list' option in chrome://flags and then look in chrome://gpu and hardware acceleration is enabled. That is not actually the case. chrome://gpu shows as if video acceleration is enabled, but the 'override software rendering list' option does nothing because the Chromium devs decided that some users might enable this option, then forget about it, and experience issues due to it. You can see for yourself by enabling this option, than playing a HD video on YouTube - you should see a very high CPU usage despite enabling this option. This is why you'll need to use Chromium with a VA-API patch added, to actually enable hardware acceleration.
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